Additional Differences
Psychological types [Cranton, Patricia]
- Attitudes or ways of being
- Introversion - operates in an inner world
- Extrovert - constantly interacts with external environment
- Function: two ways of making decisions
- Thinking - by logical analysis
- Feeling - by likes and dislikes
- Function: two ways to perceive world
- Sensation - use five senses to perceive world as it is
- Intuition - perceive world as it might be
Attitudes and functions combine with extrovert and introvert to produce eight psychological types that are stable over a lifetime.
Every person has dominant function
Implications for practice (Cranton, 1992)
- Extroverted thinking:
- individual experience, logic, reason
- Extroverted feeling:
- group work, discussion
- Extroverted sensation:
- uses senses, immediate realistic application, doing
- Extroverted intuitive:
- creative, possibilities, no rote work
- Introverted thinking:
- inner processes, listening, independent, groups produce anxiety
- Introverted feeling:
- listener in groups, reflection, subjective feeling guides judgement
- Introverted sensation:
- learns through perception, difficulty communicating experience, group work difficult, individual learner
- Introverted intuitive:
- not good at communicating inner images, may be undervalued, any image-producing learning strategy works
- Talking v.s. noninterruption
- Examining v.s. perceiving
Personality
- Anxiety
- Tolerance for ambiguity
- Unrealistic expectations
- Frustration
- Expectancy and incentive styles
- Locus of control
- Introversion/extraversion
Achievement motivation
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